英语虚拟语气知识点总结范文

(作者:琴声悠扬45669时间:2024-02-02 14:57:30)

一 虚拟语气概念

虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜想或建议,而不是表示客观存在的事实。往往这种愿望、假设、猜想与事实不符,或难以实现,甚至相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。(英语中,“语气”分为三种:①陈述语气;②祈使语气;③虚拟语气)

二 虚拟语气分类

按现代英语语法,虚拟语气可以分为两种:

1. be-型虚拟语气。常表示说话人的“建议、命令、请求”等,多用在名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)中,从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原型”,should 可以省略。be-型虚拟语气有时也可以用在某些状语从句中。

2. were-型虚拟语气。常表示说话人的“假设、愿望、猜想”等,而这种“假设、愿望、猜想”往往与现实不符,或相反,或难以实现。were-型虚拟语气多用在if引导的条件复合句中,有时也用于其他从句,其谓语动词用“相应的过去形式”,如果动词是“be”,一律用“were”。

三 虚拟语气用法

㈠ be-型虚拟语气用法

1.常用在表示“建议、命令、请求”这类意义的动词或者名词之后所接的名词性从句中,从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原型”,should 可以省略。常见这类动词和名词为:

suggest / suggestion(v./n.)建议; advise / advice (v./n.) 建议,劝告; recommend / recommendation(v./n.) 建议;order(v./n.)命令;command(v./n.) 建议;demand(v./n.)要求; desire(v./n.) 要求,请求;insist(v.)坚持要求;propose /proposal (v./n.) 建议; require /requirement(v./n.)要求,命令;request(v./n.)请求;direct(v.)指示,命令; instruct(v.)指示,命令;prefer(v.) 建议;urge(v.)强烈要求; 等。

例1I suggested that the meeting (should) be put off. (宾语从句)

It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off. (主语从句)

My suggestion is that the meeting (should) be put off. (表语从句)

This is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off. (同位语从句)

例2You must remember the boss’demand that youhere on time tomorrow.

A. must beB. will be C. isD. be(答案:D)

注意:① suggest这个词有两个常用意义:(a)建议(在此意义后接的宾语从句时,从句中的谓语动词要用be-型虚拟语气); (b)表明,暗示(在此意义后接的宾语从句时,从句中的谓语动词不用虚拟语气,要用陈述语气,即:该用什么时态就用什么时态)

例 Her pale face suggested(表明) that shewas ill and I suggested(建议)that she (should) see a doctor.

② insist这个词也有两个常用意义:(a)坚持要求(在此意义后接的宾语从句的谓语动词通常是尚未发生的动作,故从句中的谓语用虚拟语气)(b)坚持说(在此意义后接的宾语从句的谓语动词通常是已经发生的动作,故从句中的谓语用陈述语气)

例He insisted(坚持说)that he had not stolenthe money and (he insisted坚持要求) that the teacher(should) look intothe matter.

2.be-型虚拟语气还常用在下面这一句型中: It is + 形容词/名词 +that-从句

(从句中的谓语动词用“should + 动词原型”,should 可以省略,)

这个句型中的常见形容词或名词为: important(重要的) vital(重要的) necessary(必要的) essential(必要的,基本的) natural(自然的) strange(奇怪的) unbelievable(不可信的) incredible(不可信的) desirable(值得向往的;合乎需要的)a pity(遗憾) a shame(羞愧) no wonder(难怪)等。

例1It is necessary that we (should) discussthe problem at the meeting.

我们在会上讨论这个问题还是有必要的。

例2It is strange that she to see her own shortcoming.

A. has failed B. have failed C. would fail D. could have failed (答案:B)

3.用在“It is time that-从句”中(该......的时候了),从句中的“should”不可省略。

例我们该上学了。It is high time that we should go to school.

4.有时be-型虚拟语气还可用在由lest, for fear that(唯恐)等引导的状语从句中。

例 He works hard for fear that he (should) fail.他努力工作,唯恐失败。

㈡ were-型虚拟语气用法

1.常用在由if引导的非真实条件复合句中。特别注意:状语从句假设的时间以及主句与从句中的谓语动词形式。(下面按状语从句对“现在、将来、过去”情况的假设,列出主句和从句的谓语动词形式表)

由if引导的非真实条件状语从句及其主句的虚拟语气谓语动词形式

从句假设时 间

If从句中的谓语动词形式

主句中的谓语动词形式

对“现在”情 况 的

假设

从句的谓语动词用“过去式”;be一律用were即:

If +主语+动词过去式(be用were),

主句谓语用“would/could/should + 动词原型”

即:主语+would/could/should/might+动词原型

对“将来”情 况 的

假设

① 从句的谓语动词用“过去式”

② 从句的谓语动词用should +动词原型

③ 从句的谓语动词用were to +动词原型

should +动词原型,

If + 主语+ were to +动词原型,

过去式

主句谓语用“would/could/should + 动词原型”

即:主语+would/could/should/might+动词原型

对“过去”情 况 的

假设

从句的谓语动词用had + 过去分词 即:

If +主语 + had +过去分词,

主句谓语用“would/could/should + have +p.p.”

即:

主语+would/could/should/might +have +过去分词

例1If you lived on the moon now, you would not feel so crowded.

如果你现在住在月球上,你就不会觉得拥挤了。(对“现在”不现实的假设)

例2If I were to go (或went或should go) to Shanghai tomorrow, I would fly there.

如果我明天要去上海的话,我就坐飞机去那儿。(对“将来”非真实假设)

例3If you had come here yesterday, you could have seen her.

如果你昨天来这儿的话,你就能见到她了。(对“过去”相反的假设)

说明:

① 在if引导的条件句中,如果从句中有were, had, 或 should,我们可以把were, had, 或 should置于句首,再把if省略。

例 If I were to go to Shanghai tomorrow, I would fly there.

= Were I to go to Shanghai tomorrow, I would fly there。

② 有时if引导的条件句与它的主句在时间上并不一致,也就是说,从句假设的时间是“过去”,而主句的时间是“现在”等,这种条件句称之为“错综条件句”。这时无论从句或是主句,它们的谓语动词均按上表的要求去表达。

例If you had worked hard 3 years ago, you would be a college student now.

如果你三年前就努力学习的话,你现在就是一个大学生了。(从句指“过去”,主句指“现在”)

③ 有时were-型虚拟语气还用在“含蓄条件句”中。所谓“含蓄条件句”是指在交际语言中并没有if引导的从句,但句子则表示与事实相反的情况。(通过语境理解,相当于一个非真实条件句)。

例I should have helped you, but then I were very busy. 我本应该帮助你的,但是那时我确实很忙。

(本句相当于:If I had not been busy then, I would have helped you. 如果那时我不忙,我就帮助你了。)

2.常用在“I wish (that)+宾语从句”中(但愿……),注意宾语从句中的谓语动词形式:

宾语从句所指“现在情况”,从句中的谓语动词用“过去时”

宾语从句所指“将来情况”,从句中的谓语动词用“would / could + 动词原型”

宾语从句所指“过去情况”,从句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“would +have +过去分词”

例 I wish (that )he had not gone(或would have gone) there last week.但愿他上周没去那里。

3.常用在“If only +句子”中(如果......就好了)。句子中的谓语动词与I wish后的宾语从句中的谓语动词形式一样。即:

句子指“现在情况”,句中的谓语动词用“过去时”

句子指“将来情况”,句中的谓语动词用“would / could + 动词原型”

句子指“过去情况”,句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”

例If only it had not rainedyesterday.要是昨天没下雨就好了。

4.用在“would rather + 从句”中(宁愿)。从句中的谓语动词:

指“现在或将来情况”用过去时;指“过去情况”用过去完成时(had + p.p.)

例 I’d rather you went home now.我宁愿你现在就回家。

I’d rather you hadn’t donethat.我宁愿你没做那件事。

5.用在as if 或as though 引导的从句中,从句中的谓语动词:

指“现在相反情况”用“过去时”; 指“过去相反情况”用“过去完成时(had + p.p.)”

例 She has loved you as if you wereher own son. 她一直爱着你,好像你是她的亲生儿子。

注意:as if 引导的从句所陈述的事情是客观真实的,那么从句中的谓语要用“陈述语气”

比较:He looks as if hewere a foreigner. 他看起来好像是一个外国人。(但事实并非是“外国人”)

He looks as if he isa foreigner.他看起来好像是一个外国人。(事实他确实是“外国人”)

6. 用在“It is (high / about ) time that-从句”中(该……的时候了);或用在“Would you mind if-从句”中(如果…..你介意吗?)。两个从句中的谓语动词都要用“过去式”。

例1 It is high time that we wentto school.我们该上学了。

= It is high time that we should goto school. =It is time for us to go to school.

例2 Would you mind if I smokedhere? 你介意我在这儿抽烟吗?

= Do you mind if I smokehere? = Do you mind me / my smoking here ?

7.用在介词“but for +名词/代词(要不是…),+ 句子”结构中,句子中的谓语动词常用:

Would / could + have + 过去分词。(多指过去情况)

例 Butfor you, I would have died.要不是你,我就死掉了。

8. 表示“心理活动”这类动词,如:want, intend, hope, mean, plan, think, suppose, expect, decide 等以及be动词,用它们的“过去式”+ 不定式的完成式(to have done),或用它们的“过去完成时”+ 不定式一般式(to do),表示“过去本打算/想/希望做某事,但事实上没做”。

例 以hope为例:I hoped to have passedthe exam, but I failed= I had hoped to passthe exam, but I failed.我原本希望考试能过关,但我失败了。

另例I was to have finished the work yesterday ,but I didn’t.

我本想昨天完成那项工作的,但却没有。

9.would like to have done = would have liked to do 也表示虚拟,意思为:“本打算做某事(但事实上未做)”

例Iwould like to have seen(或者 would have liked to see) the film but I was very busy then.

我原本打算看电影,但我那时非常忙。

10. 虚拟语气还常用在“If it were not for+n.,+主句(would/could/should/might+动词原形)” (指“现在情况”)

或“If it had not been for+n.,+主句(would/could/should/might+have+P.P.)” (指“过去情况)中

要不是……,……

例If it had not been for your timely help, I would have gone bankrupt.

要不是你的及时帮助,我也许就破产了。

11. 以下这些结构均可以表示相反的事实:即“ 本。。。。。(但事实上没有)”

Could have done (本能够做…) ;should have done (本应该做...) ; ought to have done (本应该做..) ;might have done (本可以做…) ;needn’t have done (本不必做...)

例 I could have worked outthe problem, but I had no time then.

我本能够算出那道题的,但那时我没时间了。

12. 下列句式中,常用虚拟语气:

• ① 虚拟语气句(would+动词原形) + but + 真实情况(句子用“一般现在时”)→指“现在”

•虚拟语气句(would+have+P.P.) + but + 真实情况(句子用“一般过去时”)→指“过去”

• 例I would have bought it yesterday, but I had no monney.

• ② 真实情况(句子用“一般现在时”)+ or/otherwise + 虚拟语气句(would+动词原形)

•真实情况(句子用“一般过去时”)+ or/otherwise + 虚拟语气句(would+have+P.P.)

• 例 I was ill that day. otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.

•He telephoned to inform me on your biethday,or I would have known nothing about it.

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